Well before the consultation began, confrontation ran deep between the officials and the Confucian literati. The officials as represented by Daifu, Minister of Supervision San Hongyang were historically labeled as Legalists (Liang). Although the government did not officially endorse Legalism, as enforcers of state power, officials were favorably disposed toward Legalist thoughts and practices. Distrustful of the discursive power of individuals, Legalists resorted to the state law, or the institutionalized virtue, to regulate the people. Because most officials had worked with Emperor Wu, they continued to entertain an imperialist ideal for developing the Western Han. The literati fell into the Confucian camp, represented by the two archetypical figures Wenxue (culture) and Xianliang (virtue) in Yan tie lun. Coming from various parts of Juicy Couture Necklaces(http://www.discountjuicy.com/juicy-couture-necklaces-c-11.html) the country, they represented the voices of the people, particularly those of the landlords and merchants whose interests had been infringed by the state monopoly.
The first exchange between the two groups provides a sketch of the entire debate. Wenxue opened the debate by accusing the state of taking fortune away from the people by monopolizing salt, iron, and liquor, and by operating retail businesses. Such a practice, he observed, drew people away from their natural kindness and simplicity; instead, it cultivated greed and selfishness. When they saw that officials gained windfall fortunes through state-operated industries, the people became envious and slighted agricultural production, which should have been the major focus of the state. Without sufficient agricultural products, people would suffer from hunger and starvation; therefore, Wenxue proposed that the state relinquish its monopoly and prioritize agriculture over the handicraft industry and Cheap Juicy Couture(http://www.juicycouturegirl.com) commercial activities. Such a forceful opening shows Wenxue's directness despite the imbalanced power relation involved.
Defensive, Daifu, the minister of supervision, claimed that the Xiongnu people had been rebellious, and that they regularly harassed and robbed the Han people living on the borders. Concerned about his people, Emperor Wu had ordered the construction of fortresses and message stations along the borders. He had also ordered troops to station and to cultivate new farmland along the borders. Because these defensive moves were costly, the emperor had sanctioned state monopoly over various industries to collect money for the state treasury. Daifu argued that once the state monopoly ended, the state coffers would dry up, the troops would not be able to afford new military equipment, and the soldiers would suffer from both hunger and cold weather. Thus, the state monopoly should continue. In this rebuttal, Daifu invoked the deceased emperor to defend government policies.
Well before the consultation began, confrontation ran deep between the officials and the Confucian literati. The officials as represented by Daifu, Minister of Supervision San Hongyang were historically labeled as Legalists (Liang). Although the government did not officially endorse Legalism, as enforcers of state power, officials were favorably disposed toward Legalist thoughts and practices. Distrustful of the discursive power of individuals, Legalists resorted to the state law, or the institutionalized virtue, to regulate the people. Because most officials had worked with Emperor Wu, they continued to entertain an imperialist ideal for developing the Western Han. The literati fell into the Confucian camp, represented by the two archetypical figures Wenxue (culture) and Xianliang (virtue) in Yan tie lun. Coming from various parts of Juicy Couture Necklaces(http://www.discountjuicy.com/juicy-couture-necklaces-c-11.html) the country, they represented the voices of the people, particularly those of the landlords and merchants whose interests had been infringed by the state monopoly.
The first exchange between the two groups provides a sketch of the entire debate. Wenxue opened the debate by accusing the state of taking fortune away from the people by monopolizing salt, iron, and liquor, and by operating retail businesses. Such a practice, he observed, drew people away from their natural kindness and simplicity; instead, it cultivated greed and selfishness. When they saw that officials gained windfall fortunes through state-operated industries, the people became envious and slighted agricultural production, which should have been the major focus of the state. Without sufficient agricultural products, people would suffer from hunger and starvation; therefore, Wenxue proposed that the state relinquish its monopoly and prioritize agriculture over the handicraft industry and Cheap Juicy Couture(http://www.juicycouturegirl.com) commercial activities. Such a forceful opening shows Wenxue's directness despite the imbalanced power relation involved.
Defensive, Daifu, the minister of supervision, claimed that the Xiongnu people had been rebellious, and that they regularly harassed and robbed the Han people living on the borders. Concerned about his people, Emperor Wu had ordered the construction of fortresses and message stations along the borders. He had also ordered troops to station and to cultivate new farmland along the borders. Because these defensive moves were costly, the emperor had sanctioned state monopoly over various industries to collect money for the state treasury. Daifu argued that once the state monopoly ended, the state coffers would dry up, the troops would not be able to afford new military equipment, and the soldiers would suffer from both hunger and cold weather. Thus, the state monopoly should continue. In this rebuttal, Daifu invoked the deceased emperor to defend government policies.
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