Female scientists are paid about one-third less than men colleagues in the health and bio-logical fields, according to the largest survey ever of life sciences workers' salaries. Salaries for women averaged about $72000 compared with $94 000. for men, or almost 31% more, the American Association for the Advancement of Science said.
The association said the higher pay for men was explained, in part, by the fact that more males are further in their career cycle, have worked longer and are in the high-income field of medicine. But Catherine Didion, executive director of the Association for Women in Science, said that explanation is the argument made two decades ago, but it is hard to IWC Replica(http://www.imitatewatch.com/GoodsBrand/Replica-IWC-Watches-45.html) make that argument now. She said that women now are strongly represented in the life sciences — approaching 50 % in some fields — and that there is no reason for a continuing gender-disparity in salaries.
The survey found that gender difference in salaries was the highest among physicians and executives in life science companies and organizations. For instance, the survey found that the average salary for male executive managers in life science companies was $ 160 000, while salaries for females in comparable positions averaged $ 125 000. Among physicians, male salaries averaged $ 125 000 compared with $ 90 000 for women. This suggests some systematic male-female differences in pay, the survey said.
Though we are inclined to believe that the laws of physics are fundamental, their development has shown that even such laws may be applicable only to certain classes of phenomena. When more refined measurements are made, phenomena may appear whose explanation requires still more basic laws. Examples are the laws of classical mechanics, which at the atomic level had to be replaced by the laws of quantum mechanics. Mechanics valid for particles at comparatively small speeds had to be replaced by the theory of relativity for particles at speeds coming close to that of light.
The survey also found that women in science pay a higher professional price for matrimony than men scientists do. Two-thirds of female scientists in the survey said their careers had been limited at least a little by the demands of the career of a spouse or domestic partner. About one-quarter of the female respondents said that their careers were affected a lot by their marriages. In contrast, only 7% of the male scientists said their careers were limited significantly by the careers of their spouses. Among female scientists who took leave for personal, medical or family reasons, 37% said it limited their careers "a lot" and 39% said there was at least a small effect. Among male scientists, only 11% felt their career was limited to any degree by family leave.
In other areas, the survey found that salaries for life scientist rose over a 12-month period by 7%, almost double the increase for the average American worker. Median salaries for Replica Tag Heuer(http://www.replic8design.com/B-Replica-Tag-Heuer-Watches-65.html) academic life scientists averaged $ 80 000, while for nonacademic life scientists the median was $ 96 000, the survey found.
The survey was based on questionnaires mailed to about 20 000 researchers, managers, professors, teachers or clinicians in the life and health care sciences. There were a total of 8 692 responses used in the survey's results. According to the AAAS, the world's largest general scientific organization and the publisher of the journal Science, this response gave the survey results a reliability of plus or minus 1 percentage point.
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